6. 万花筒：扩展语言：用户定义运算符¶
6.1. 第 6 章 导言¶
欢迎来到“使用 LLVM 实现语言”教程的第 6 章。在教程的这一阶段，我们已经拥有了一个功能齐全的语言，它虽然非常简洁，但也实用。然而，它仍然存在一个重大问题。我们的语言没有太多有用的运算符（例如除法、逻辑否定，甚至除了小于之外的任何比较）。
本教程章节将进行一次大胆的偏离，向简单而美丽的万花筒语言中添加用户定义运算符。这次偏离在某些方面使我们的语言变得简单而粗陋，但也同时赋予了它强大的功能。创建自己的语言的一大好处是，你可以决定什么是好什么是坏。在本教程中，我们将假设使用这种方法来展示一些有趣的解析技术是可以接受的。
在本教程结束时，我们将逐步完成一个万花筒应用程序示例，该示例渲染曼德勃罗集。这将举例说明你可以使用万花筒及其功能集构建的内容。
6.2. 用户定义运算符：概念¶
我们将添加到万花筒中的“运算符重载”比 C++ 中的更通用。在 C++ 中，你只能重新定义现有的运算符：你无法以编程方式更改语法、引入新的运算符、更改优先级级别等。在本节中，我们将向万花筒添加此功能，这将允许用户完善支持的运算符集。
在类似这样的教程中介绍用户定义运算符的目的是为了展示使用手工编写的解析器的强大功能和灵活性。到目前为止，我们一直在实现的解析器对语法的绝大部分使用递归下降，对表达式使用运算符优先级解析。有关详细信息，请参阅第 2 章。通过使用运算符优先级解析，很容易允许程序员将新的运算符引入语法：语法在 JIT 运行时可以动态扩展。
我们将添加的两个具体功能是可编程一元运算符（目前，万花筒根本没有一元运算符）以及二元运算符。例如：
# Logical unary not.
def unary!(v)
if v then
0
else
1;
# Define > with the same precedence as <.
def binary> 10 (LHS RHS)
RHS < LHS;
# Binary "logical or", (note that it does not "short circuit")
def binary| 5 (LHS RHS)
if LHS then
1
else if RHS then
1
else
0;
# Define = with slightly lower precedence than relationals.
def binary= 9 (LHS RHS)
!(LHS < RHS | LHS > RHS);
许多语言都渴望能够用语言本身实现其标准运行时库。在万花筒中，我们可以用库实现语言的重要部分！
我们将把这些功能的实现分解成两个部分：实现对用户定义二元运算符的支持，以及添加一元运算符。
6.3. 用户定义二元运算符¶
使用我们当前的框架，添加对用户定义二元运算符的支持非常简单。我们首先添加对一元/二元关键字的支持
enum Token {
...
// operators
tok_binary = -11,
tok_unary = -12
};
...
static int gettok() {
...
if (IdentifierStr == "for")
return tok_for;
if (IdentifierStr == "in")
return tok_in;
if (IdentifierStr == "binary")
return tok_binary;
if (IdentifierStr == "unary")
return tok_unary;
return tok_identifier;
这只是为一元和二元关键字添加了词法分析器支持，就像我们在前面的章节中所做的那样。我们当前的 AST 的一个好处是，我们通过使用其 ASCII 码作为操作码来表示二元运算符的完全泛化。对于我们扩展的运算符，我们将使用相同的表示法，因此我们不需要任何新的 AST 或解析器支持。
另一方面，我们必须能够在函数定义的“def binary| 5”部分表示这些新运算符的定义。在到目前为止的语法中，函数定义的“名称”被解析为“原型”产生式并进入PrototypeAST AST 节点。为了将我们新的用户定义运算符表示为原型，我们必须像这样扩展PrototypeAST AST 节点
/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
/// which captures its argument names as well as if it is an operator.
class PrototypeAST {
std::string Name;
std::vector<std::string> Args;
bool IsOperator;
unsigned Precedence; // Precedence if a binary op.
public:
PrototypeAST(const std::string &Name, std::vector<std::string> Args,
bool IsOperator = false, unsigned Prec = 0)
: Name(Name), Args(std::move(Args)), IsOperator(IsOperator),
Precedence(Prec) {}
Function *codegen();
const std::string &getName() const { return Name; }
bool isUnaryOp() const { return IsOperator && Args.size() == 1; }
bool isBinaryOp() const { return IsOperator && Args.size() == 2; }
char getOperatorName() const {
assert(isUnaryOp() || isBinaryOp());
return Name[Name.size() - 1];
}
unsigned getBinaryPrecedence() const { return Precedence; }
};
基本上，除了知道原型的名称外，我们现在还跟踪它是否是运算符，如果是，则跟踪该运算符处于哪个优先级级别。优先级仅用于二元运算符（如下所示，它不适用于一元运算符）。现在我们有了表示用户定义运算符原型的方法，我们需要对其进行解析
/// prototype
/// ::= id '(' id* ')'
/// ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)
static std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST> ParsePrototype() {
std::string FnName;
unsigned Kind = 0; // 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.
unsigned BinaryPrecedence = 30;
switch (CurTok) {
default:
return LogErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
case tok_identifier:
FnName = IdentifierStr;
Kind = 0;
getNextToken();
break;
case tok_binary:
getNextToken();
if (!isascii(CurTok))
return LogErrorP("Expected binary operator");
FnName = "binary";
FnName += (char)CurTok;
Kind = 2;
getNextToken();
// Read the precedence if present.
if (CurTok == tok_number) {
if (NumVal < 1 || NumVal > 100)
return LogErrorP("Invalid precedence: must be 1..100");
BinaryPrecedence = (unsigned)NumVal;
getNextToken();
}
break;
}
if (CurTok != '(')
return LogErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
if (CurTok != ')')
return LogErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
// success.
getNextToken(); // eat ')'.
// Verify right number of names for operator.
if (Kind && ArgNames.size() != Kind)
return LogErrorP("Invalid number of operands for operator");
return std::make_unique<PrototypeAST>(FnName, std::move(ArgNames), Kind != 0,
BinaryPrecedence);
}
这都是相当简单的解析代码，我们过去已经看到了很多类似的代码。上面代码中一个有趣的部分是设置二元运算符FnName 的几行代码。这会为新定义的“@”运算符构建诸如“binary@”之类的名称。然后它利用了 LLVM 符号表中的符号名称允许包含任何字符（包括嵌入的空字符）的事实。
接下来要添加的有趣内容是这些二元运算符的代码生成支持。鉴于我们当前的结构，这只是对我们现有的二元运算符节点添加一个默认情况
Value *BinaryExprAST::codegen() {
Value *L = LHS->codegen();
Value *R = RHS->codegen();
if (!L || !R)
return nullptr;
switch (Op) {
case '+':
return Builder->CreateFAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
case '-':
return Builder->CreateFSub(L, R, "subtmp");
case '*':
return Builder->CreateFMul(L, R, "multmp");
case '<':
L = Builder->CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
return Builder->CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(*TheContext),
"booltmp");
default:
break;
}
// If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit
// a call to it.
Function *F = getFunction(std::string("binary") + Op);
assert(F && "binary operator not found!");
Value *Ops[2] = { L, R };
return Builder->CreateCall(F, Ops, "binop");
}
如上所示，新代码实际上非常简单。它只是在符号表中查找相应的运算符，并生成对它的函数调用。由于用户定义运算符只是作为普通函数构建的（因为“原型”归结为具有正确名称的函数），所以一切都会就位。
我们缺少的最后一部分代码是一些顶层魔法
Function *FunctionAST::codegen() {
// Transfer ownership of the prototype to the FunctionProtos map, but keep a
// reference to it for use below.
auto &P = *Proto;
FunctionProtos[Proto->getName()] = std::move(Proto);
Function *TheFunction = getFunction(P.getName());
if (!TheFunction)
return nullptr;
// If this is an operator, install it.
if (P.isBinaryOp())
BinopPrecedence[P.getOperatorName()] = P.getBinaryPrecedence();
// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(*TheContext, "entry", TheFunction);
...
基本上，在为函数生成代码之前，如果它是一个用户定义的运算符，我们就会在优先级表中注册它。这允许我们现有的二元运算符解析逻辑来处理它。由于我们正在处理一个完全通用的运算符优先级解析器，因此这就是我们需要做的“扩展语法”的所有操作。
现在我们有了有用的用户定义二元运算符。这在很大程度上建立在我们之前为其他运算符构建的框架之上。添加一元运算符更具挑战性，因为我们还没有任何框架来支持它——让我们看看需要什么。
6.4. 用户定义一元运算符¶
由于我们目前不支持万花筒语言中的一元运算符，因此我们需要添加所有支持它的内容。上面，我们向词法分析器添加了对“unary”关键字的简单支持。除此之外，我们还需要一个 AST 节点
/// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.
class UnaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
char Opcode;
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Operand;
public:
UnaryExprAST(char Opcode, std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Operand)
: Opcode(Opcode), Operand(std::move(Operand)) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
这个 AST 节点现在非常简单和明显。它直接反映了二元运算符 AST 节点，只是它只有一个子节点。有了这个，我们需要添加解析逻辑。解析一元运算符非常简单：我们将添加一个新函数来执行此操作
/// unary
/// ::= primary
/// ::= '!' unary
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseUnary() {
// If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.
if (!isascii(CurTok) || CurTok == '(' || CurTok == ',')
return ParsePrimary();
// If this is a unary operator, read it.
int Opc = CurTok;
getNextToken();
if (auto Operand = ParseUnary())
return std::make_unique<UnaryExprAST>(Opc, std::move(Operand));
return nullptr;
}
我们添加的语法在这里非常简单。如果我们在解析主运算符时看到一元运算符，我们将运算符作为前缀吃掉，并将剩余的部分解析为另一个一元运算符。这允许我们处理多个一元运算符（例如“!!x”）。请注意，一元运算符不能像二元运算符那样具有模棱两可的解析，因此不需要优先级信息。
此函数的问题在于，我们需要从某个地方调用 ParseUnary。为此，我们将之前 ParsePrimary 的调用者更改为改为调用 ParseUnary
/// binoprhs
/// ::= ('+' unary)*
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec,
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> LHS) {
...
// Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.
auto RHS = ParseUnary();
if (!RHS)
return nullptr;
...
}
/// expression
/// ::= unary binoprhs
///
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseExpression() {
auto LHS = ParseUnary();
if (!LHS)
return nullptr;
return ParseBinOpRHS(0, std::move(LHS));
}
通过这两个简单的更改，我们现在能够解析一元运算符并为它们构建 AST。接下来，我们需要为原型添加解析器支持，以解析一元运算符原型。我们使用以下内容扩展了上面的二元运算符代码
/// prototype
/// ::= id '(' id* ')'
/// ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)
/// ::= unary LETTER (id)
static std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST> ParsePrototype() {
std::string FnName;
unsigned Kind = 0; // 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.
unsigned BinaryPrecedence = 30;
switch (CurTok) {
default:
return LogErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
case tok_identifier:
FnName = IdentifierStr;
Kind = 0;
getNextToken();
break;
case tok_unary:
getNextToken();
if (!isascii(CurTok))
return LogErrorP("Expected unary operator");
FnName = "unary";
FnName += (char)CurTok;
Kind = 1;
getNextToken();
break;
case tok_binary:
...
与二元运算符一样，我们使用包含运算符字符的名称来命名一元运算符。这在代码生成时会帮助我们。说到代码生成，我们需要添加的最后一部分是代码生成支持，用于一元运算符。它看起来像这样
Value *UnaryExprAST::codegen() {
Value *OperandV = Operand->codegen();
if (!OperandV)
return nullptr;
Function *F = getFunction(std::string("unary") + Opcode);
if (!F)
return LogErrorV("Unknown unary operator");
return Builder->CreateCall(F, OperandV, "unop");
}
此代码类似于二元运算符的代码，但更简单。它之所以更简单，主要是因为它不需要处理任何预定义运算符。
6.5. 测试¶
有点难以置信，但通过我们在上一章中介绍的一些简单的扩展，我们已经发展出了一种真实的语言。有了它，我们可以做很多有趣的事情，包括 I/O、数学以及其他很多事情。例如，我们现在可以添加一个不错的顺序运算符（printd 定义为打印指定值和换行符）
ready> extern printd(x);
Read extern:
declare double @printd(double)
ready> def binary : 1 (x y) 0; # Low-precedence operator that ignores operands.
...
ready> printd(123) : printd(456) : printd(789);
123.000000
456.000000
789.000000
Evaluated to 0.000000
我们还可以定义许多其他“基本”运算，例如
# Logical unary not.
def unary!(v)
if v then
0
else
1;
# Unary negate.
def unary-(v)
0-v;
# Define > with the same precedence as <.
def binary> 10 (LHS RHS)
RHS < LHS;
# Binary logical or, which does not short circuit.
def binary| 5 (LHS RHS)
if LHS then
1
else if RHS then
1
else
0;
# Binary logical and, which does not short circuit.
def binary& 6 (LHS RHS)
if !LHS then
0
else
!!RHS;
# Define = with slightly lower precedence than relationals.
def binary = 9 (LHS RHS)
!(LHS < RHS | LHS > RHS);
# Define ':' for sequencing: as a low-precedence operator that ignores operands
# and just returns the RHS.
def binary : 1 (x y) y;
鉴于之前的 if/then/else 支持，我们还可以定义有趣的 I/O 函数。例如，以下打印一个字符，其“密度”反映传入的值：值越低，字符越密集
ready> extern putchard(char);
...
ready> def printdensity(d)
if d > 8 then
putchard(32) # ' '
else if d > 4 then
putchard(46) # '.'
else if d > 2 then
putchard(43) # '+'
else
putchard(42); # '*'
...
ready> printdensity(1): printdensity(2): printdensity(3):
printdensity(4): printdensity(5): printdensity(9):
putchard(10);
**++.
Evaluated to 0.000000
基于这些简单的基本运算，我们可以开始定义更有趣的东西。例如，以下是一个小函数，用于确定某个复平面函数发散所需的迭代次数
# Determine whether the specific location diverges.
# Solve for z = z^2 + c in the complex plane.
def mandelconverger(real imag iters creal cimag)
if iters > 255 | (real*real + imag*imag > 4) then
iters
else
mandelconverger(real*real - imag*imag + creal,
2*real*imag + cimag,
iters+1, creal, cimag);
# Return the number of iterations required for the iteration to escape
def mandelconverge(real imag)
mandelconverger(real, imag, 0, real, imag);
这个“z = z2 + c”函数是一个美丽的产物，是计算曼德勃罗集的基础。我们的mandelconverge函数返回复轨道逃逸所需的迭代次数，饱和到 255。这本身并不是一个非常有用的函数，但如果你在一个二维平面上绘制其值，你就可以看到曼德勃罗集。鉴于我们这里仅限于使用 putchard，我们的惊人图形输出受到限制，但我们可以使用上面的密度绘图器组合一些东西
# Compute and plot the mandelbrot set with the specified 2 dimensional range
# info.
def mandelhelp(xmin xmax xstep ymin ymax ystep)
for y = ymin, y < ymax, ystep in (
(for x = xmin, x < xmax, xstep in
printdensity(mandelconverge(x,y)))
: putchard(10)
)
# mandel - This is a convenient helper function for plotting the mandelbrot set
# from the specified position with the specified Magnification.
def mandel(realstart imagstart realmag imagmag)
mandelhelp(realstart, realstart+realmag*78, realmag,
imagstart, imagstart+imagmag*40, imagmag);
鉴于此，我们可以尝试绘制曼德勃罗集！让我们试试看
ready> mandel(-2.3, -1.3, 0.05, 0.07);
*******************************+++++++++++*************************************
*************************+++++++++++++++++++++++*******************************
**********************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++****************************
*******************+++++++++++++++++++++.. ...++++++++*************************
*****************++++++++++++++++++++++.... ...+++++++++***********************
***************+++++++++++++++++++++++..... ...+++++++++*********************
**************+++++++++++++++++++++++.... ....+++++++++********************
*************++++++++++++++++++++++...... .....++++++++*******************
************+++++++++++++++++++++....... .......+++++++******************
***********+++++++++++++++++++.... ... .+++++++*****************
**********+++++++++++++++++....... .+++++++****************
*********++++++++++++++........... ...+++++++***************
********++++++++++++............ ...++++++++**************
********++++++++++... .......... .++++++++**************
*******+++++++++..... .+++++++++*************
*******++++++++...... ..+++++++++*************
*******++++++....... ..+++++++++*************
*******+++++...... ..+++++++++*************
*******.... .... ...+++++++++*************
*******.... . ...+++++++++*************
*******+++++...... ...+++++++++*************
*******++++++....... ..+++++++++*************
*******++++++++...... .+++++++++*************
*******+++++++++..... ..+++++++++*************
********++++++++++... .......... .++++++++**************
********++++++++++++............ ...++++++++**************
*********++++++++++++++.......... ...+++++++***************
**********++++++++++++++++........ .+++++++****************
**********++++++++++++++++++++.... ... ..+++++++****************
***********++++++++++++++++++++++....... .......++++++++*****************
************+++++++++++++++++++++++...... ......++++++++******************
**************+++++++++++++++++++++++.... ....++++++++********************
***************+++++++++++++++++++++++..... ...+++++++++*********************
*****************++++++++++++++++++++++.... ...++++++++***********************
*******************+++++++++++++++++++++......++++++++*************************
*********************++++++++++++++++++++++.++++++++***************************
*************************+++++++++++++++++++++++*******************************
******************************+++++++++++++************************************
*******************************************************************************
*******************************************************************************
*******************************************************************************
Evaluated to 0.000000
ready> mandel(-2, -1, 0.02, 0.04);
**************************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
***********************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
*********************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.
*******************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...
*****************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.....
***************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........
**************++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........
************+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..............
***********++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........ .
**********++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.............
********+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..................
*******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.......................
******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........................
*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++............................
*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...............................
****++++++++++++++++++++++++++...... .........................
***++++++++++++++++++++++++......... ...... ...........
***++++++++++++++++++++++............
**+++++++++++++++++++++..............
**+++++++++++++++++++................
*++++++++++++++++++.................
*++++++++++++++++............ ...
*++++++++++++++..............
*+++....++++................
*.......... ...........
*
*.......... ...........
*+++....++++................
*++++++++++++++..............
*++++++++++++++++............ ...
*++++++++++++++++++.................
**+++++++++++++++++++................
**+++++++++++++++++++++..............
***++++++++++++++++++++++............
***++++++++++++++++++++++++......... ...... ...........
****++++++++++++++++++++++++++...... .........................
*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...............................
*****++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++............................
******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++...........................
*******+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.......................
********+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++..................
Evaluated to 0.000000
ready> mandel(-0.9, -1.4, 0.02, 0.03);
*******************************************************************************
*******************************************************************************
*******************************************************************************
**********+++++++++++++++++++++************************************************
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++***************************************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++**********************************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*****************************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*************************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++**********************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.........++++++++++++++++++*******************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++.... ......+++++++++++++++++++****************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++....... ........+++++++++++++++++++**************
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++........ ........++++++++++++++++++++************
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++......... .. ...+++++++++++++++++++++**********
++++++++++++++++++++++++++........... ....++++++++++++++++++++++********
++++++++++++++++++++++++............. .......++++++++++++++++++++++******
+++++++++++++++++++++++............. ........+++++++++++++++++++++++****
++++++++++++++++++++++........... ..........++++++++++++++++++++++***
++++++++++++++++++++........... .........++++++++++++++++++++++*
++++++++++++++++++............ ...........++++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++............... .............++++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++++................. ...............++++++++++++++++
++++++++++++.................. .................++++++++++++++
+++++++++.................. .................+++++++++++++
++++++........ . ......... ..++++++++++++
++............ ...... ....++++++++++
.............. ...++++++++++
.............. ....+++++++++
.............. .....++++++++
............. ......++++++++
........... .......++++++++
......... ........+++++++
......... ........+++++++
......... ....+++++++
........ ...+++++++
....... ...+++++++
....+++++++
.....+++++++
....+++++++
....+++++++
....+++++++
Evaluated to 0.000000
ready> ^D
此时，你可能开始意识到万花筒是一种真实而强大的语言。它可能不是自相似的:)，但它可以用来绘制自相似的物体！
至此，我们完成了本教程的“添加用户定义运算符”章节。我们已成功增强了我们的语言，增加了在库中扩展语言的能力，并且我们展示了如何使用它在万花筒中构建一个简单但有趣的最终用户应用程序。此时，万花筒可以构建各种功能性应用程序，并且可以调用具有副作用的函数，但它实际上无法自己定义和修改变量。
令人惊讶的是，变量修改是一些语言的重要特性，而且如果不向你的前端添加“SSA 构造”阶段，就根本不清楚如何添加对可变变量的支持。在下一章中，我们将描述如何在不构建前端 SSA 的情况下添加变量修改。
6.6. 完整代码列表¶
以下是我们运行示例的完整代码列表，已增强对用户自定义运算符的支持。要构建此示例，请使用
# Compile
clang++ -g toy.cpp `llvm-config --cxxflags --ldflags --system-libs --libs core orcjit native` -O3 -o toy
# Run
./toy
在某些平台上，您需要在链接时指定 -rdynamic 或 -Wl,–export-dynamic。这确保了在主可执行文件中定义的符号被导出到动态链接器，因此在运行时可用于符号解析。如果您将支持代码编译成共享库，则不需要这样做，尽管这样做会导致 Windows 上出现问题。
代码如下
#include "../include/KaleidoscopeJIT.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/APFloat.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
#include "llvm/IR/BasicBlock.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
#include "llvm/IR/DerivedTypes.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
#include "llvm/IR/IRBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
#include "llvm/IR/LLVMContext.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Module.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PassManager.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Type.h"
#include "llvm/IR/Verifier.h"
#include "llvm/Passes/PassBuilder.h"
#include "llvm/Passes/StandardInstrumentations.h"
#include "llvm/Support/TargetSelect.h"
#include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/InstCombine/InstCombine.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/GVN.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/Reassociate.h"
#include "llvm/Transforms/Scalar/SimplifyCFG.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace llvm;
using namespace llvm::orc;
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Lexer
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// The lexer returns tokens [0-255] if it is an unknown character, otherwise one
// of these for known things.
enum Token {
tok_eof = -1,
// commands
tok_def = -2,
tok_extern = -3,
// primary
tok_identifier = -4,
tok_number = -5,
// control
tok_if = -6,
tok_then = -7,
tok_else = -8,
tok_for = -9,
tok_in = -10,
// operators
tok_binary = -11,
tok_unary = -12
};
static std::string IdentifierStr; // Filled in if tok_identifier
static double NumVal; // Filled in if tok_number
/// gettok - Return the next token from standard input.
static int gettok() {
static int LastChar = ' ';
// Skip any whitespace.
while (isspace(LastChar))
LastChar = getchar();
if (isalpha(LastChar)) { // identifier: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*
IdentifierStr = LastChar;
while (isalnum((LastChar = getchar())))
IdentifierStr += LastChar;
if (IdentifierStr == "def")
return tok_def;
if (IdentifierStr == "extern")
return tok_extern;
if (IdentifierStr == "if")
return tok_if;
if (IdentifierStr == "then")
return tok_then;
if (IdentifierStr == "else")
return tok_else;
if (IdentifierStr == "for")
return tok_for;
if (IdentifierStr == "in")
return tok_in;
if (IdentifierStr == "binary")
return tok_binary;
if (IdentifierStr == "unary")
return tok_unary;
return tok_identifier;
}
if (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.') { // Number: [0-9.]+
std::string NumStr;
do {
NumStr += LastChar;
LastChar = getchar();
} while (isdigit(LastChar) || LastChar == '.');
NumVal = strtod(NumStr.c_str(), nullptr);
return tok_number;
}
if (LastChar == '#') {
// Comment until end of line.
do
LastChar = getchar();
while (LastChar != EOF && LastChar != '\n' && LastChar != '\r');
if (LastChar != EOF)
return gettok();
}
// Check for end of file. Don't eat the EOF.
if (LastChar == EOF)
return tok_eof;
// Otherwise, just return the character as its ascii value.
int ThisChar = LastChar;
LastChar = getchar();
return ThisChar;
}
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Abstract Syntax Tree (aka Parse Tree)
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
namespace {
/// ExprAST - Base class for all expression nodes.
class ExprAST {
public:
virtual ~ExprAST() = default;
virtual Value *codegen() = 0;
};
/// NumberExprAST - Expression class for numeric literals like "1.0".
class NumberExprAST : public ExprAST {
double Val;
public:
NumberExprAST(double Val) : Val(Val) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
/// VariableExprAST - Expression class for referencing a variable, like "a".
class VariableExprAST : public ExprAST {
std::string Name;
public:
VariableExprAST(const std::string &Name) : Name(Name) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
/// UnaryExprAST - Expression class for a unary operator.
class UnaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
char Opcode;
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Operand;
public:
UnaryExprAST(char Opcode, std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Operand)
: Opcode(Opcode), Operand(std::move(Operand)) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
/// BinaryExprAST - Expression class for a binary operator.
class BinaryExprAST : public ExprAST {
char Op;
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> LHS, RHS;
public:
BinaryExprAST(char Op, std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> LHS,
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> RHS)
: Op(Op), LHS(std::move(LHS)), RHS(std::move(RHS)) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
/// CallExprAST - Expression class for function calls.
class CallExprAST : public ExprAST {
std::string Callee;
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ExprAST>> Args;
public:
CallExprAST(const std::string &Callee,
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ExprAST>> Args)
: Callee(Callee), Args(std::move(Args)) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
/// IfExprAST - Expression class for if/then/else.
class IfExprAST : public ExprAST {
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Cond, Then, Else;
public:
IfExprAST(std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Cond, std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Then,
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Else)
: Cond(std::move(Cond)), Then(std::move(Then)), Else(std::move(Else)) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
/// ForExprAST - Expression class for for/in.
class ForExprAST : public ExprAST {
std::string VarName;
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Start, End, Step, Body;
public:
ForExprAST(const std::string &VarName, std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Start,
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> End, std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Step,
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Body)
: VarName(VarName), Start(std::move(Start)), End(std::move(End)),
Step(std::move(Step)), Body(std::move(Body)) {}
Value *codegen() override;
};
/// PrototypeAST - This class represents the "prototype" for a function,
/// which captures its name, and its argument names (thus implicitly the number
/// of arguments the function takes), as well as if it is an operator.
class PrototypeAST {
std::string Name;
std::vector<std::string> Args;
bool IsOperator;
unsigned Precedence; // Precedence if a binary op.
public:
PrototypeAST(const std::string &Name, std::vector<std::string> Args,
bool IsOperator = false, unsigned Prec = 0)
: Name(Name), Args(std::move(Args)), IsOperator(IsOperator),
Precedence(Prec) {}
Function *codegen();
const std::string &getName() const { return Name; }
bool isUnaryOp() const { return IsOperator && Args.size() == 1; }
bool isBinaryOp() const { return IsOperator && Args.size() == 2; }
char getOperatorName() const {
assert(isUnaryOp() || isBinaryOp());
return Name[Name.size() - 1];
}
unsigned getBinaryPrecedence() const { return Precedence; }
};
/// FunctionAST - This class represents a function definition itself.
class FunctionAST {
std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST> Proto;
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Body;
public:
FunctionAST(std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST> Proto,
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Body)
: Proto(std::move(Proto)), Body(std::move(Body)) {}
Function *codegen();
};
} // end anonymous namespace
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Parser
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
/// CurTok/getNextToken - Provide a simple token buffer. CurTok is the current
/// token the parser is looking at. getNextToken reads another token from the
/// lexer and updates CurTok with its results.
static int CurTok;
static int getNextToken() { return CurTok = gettok(); }
/// BinopPrecedence - This holds the precedence for each binary operator that is
/// defined.
static std::map<char, int> BinopPrecedence;
/// GetTokPrecedence - Get the precedence of the pending binary operator token.
static int GetTokPrecedence() {
if (!isascii(CurTok))
return -1;
// Make sure it's a declared binop.
int TokPrec = BinopPrecedence[CurTok];
if (TokPrec <= 0)
return -1;
return TokPrec;
}
/// Error* - These are little helper functions for error handling.
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> LogError(const char *Str) {
fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", Str);
return nullptr;
}
std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST> LogErrorP(const char *Str) {
LogError(Str);
return nullptr;
}
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseExpression();
/// numberexpr ::= number
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseNumberExpr() {
auto Result = std::make_unique<NumberExprAST>(NumVal);
getNextToken(); // consume the number
return std::move(Result);
}
/// parenexpr ::= '(' expression ')'
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseParenExpr() {
getNextToken(); // eat (.
auto V = ParseExpression();
if (!V)
return nullptr;
if (CurTok != ')')
return LogError("expected ')'");
getNextToken(); // eat ).
return V;
}
/// identifierexpr
/// ::= identifier
/// ::= identifier '(' expression* ')'
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseIdentifierExpr() {
std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
getNextToken(); // eat identifier.
if (CurTok != '(') // Simple variable ref.
return std::make_unique<VariableExprAST>(IdName);
// Call.
getNextToken(); // eat (
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ExprAST>> Args;
if (CurTok != ')') {
while (true) {
if (auto Arg = ParseExpression())
Args.push_back(std::move(Arg));
else
return nullptr;
if (CurTok == ')')
break;
if (CurTok != ',')
return LogError("Expected ')' or ',' in argument list");
getNextToken();
}
}
// Eat the ')'.
getNextToken();
return std::make_unique<CallExprAST>(IdName, std::move(Args));
}
/// ifexpr ::= 'if' expression 'then' expression 'else' expression
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseIfExpr() {
getNextToken(); // eat the if.
// condition.
auto Cond = ParseExpression();
if (!Cond)
return nullptr;
if (CurTok != tok_then)
return LogError("expected then");
getNextToken(); // eat the then
auto Then = ParseExpression();
if (!Then)
return nullptr;
if (CurTok != tok_else)
return LogError("expected else");
getNextToken();
auto Else = ParseExpression();
if (!Else)
return nullptr;
return std::make_unique<IfExprAST>(std::move(Cond), std::move(Then),
std::move(Else));
}
/// forexpr ::= 'for' identifier '=' expr ',' expr (',' expr)? 'in' expression
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseForExpr() {
getNextToken(); // eat the for.
if (CurTok != tok_identifier)
return LogError("expected identifier after for");
std::string IdName = IdentifierStr;
getNextToken(); // eat identifier.
if (CurTok != '=')
return LogError("expected '=' after for");
getNextToken(); // eat '='.
auto Start = ParseExpression();
if (!Start)
return nullptr;
if (CurTok != ',')
return LogError("expected ',' after for start value");
getNextToken();
auto End = ParseExpression();
if (!End)
return nullptr;
// The step value is optional.
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> Step;
if (CurTok == ',') {
getNextToken();
Step = ParseExpression();
if (!Step)
return nullptr;
}
if (CurTok != tok_in)
return LogError("expected 'in' after for");
getNextToken(); // eat 'in'.
auto Body = ParseExpression();
if (!Body)
return nullptr;
return std::make_unique<ForExprAST>(IdName, std::move(Start), std::move(End),
std::move(Step), std::move(Body));
}
/// primary
/// ::= identifierexpr
/// ::= numberexpr
/// ::= parenexpr
/// ::= ifexpr
/// ::= forexpr
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParsePrimary() {
switch (CurTok) {
default:
return LogError("unknown token when expecting an expression");
case tok_identifier:
return ParseIdentifierExpr();
case tok_number:
return ParseNumberExpr();
case '(':
return ParseParenExpr();
case tok_if:
return ParseIfExpr();
case tok_for:
return ParseForExpr();
}
}
/// unary
/// ::= primary
/// ::= '!' unary
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseUnary() {
// If the current token is not an operator, it must be a primary expr.
if (!isascii(CurTok) || CurTok == '(' || CurTok == ',')
return ParsePrimary();
// If this is a unary operator, read it.
int Opc = CurTok;
getNextToken();
if (auto Operand = ParseUnary())
return std::make_unique<UnaryExprAST>(Opc, std::move(Operand));
return nullptr;
}
/// binoprhs
/// ::= ('+' unary)*
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseBinOpRHS(int ExprPrec,
std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> LHS) {
// If this is a binop, find its precedence.
while (true) {
int TokPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
// If this is a binop that binds at least as tightly as the current binop,
// consume it, otherwise we are done.
if (TokPrec < ExprPrec)
return LHS;
// Okay, we know this is a binop.
int BinOp = CurTok;
getNextToken(); // eat binop
// Parse the unary expression after the binary operator.
auto RHS = ParseUnary();
if (!RHS)
return nullptr;
// If BinOp binds less tightly with RHS than the operator after RHS, let
// the pending operator take RHS as its LHS.
int NextPrec = GetTokPrecedence();
if (TokPrec < NextPrec) {
RHS = ParseBinOpRHS(TokPrec + 1, std::move(RHS));
if (!RHS)
return nullptr;
}
// Merge LHS/RHS.
LHS =
std::make_unique<BinaryExprAST>(BinOp, std::move(LHS), std::move(RHS));
}
}
/// expression
/// ::= unary binoprhs
///
static std::unique_ptr<ExprAST> ParseExpression() {
auto LHS = ParseUnary();
if (!LHS)
return nullptr;
return ParseBinOpRHS(0, std::move(LHS));
}
/// prototype
/// ::= id '(' id* ')'
/// ::= binary LETTER number? (id, id)
/// ::= unary LETTER (id)
static std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST> ParsePrototype() {
std::string FnName;
unsigned Kind = 0; // 0 = identifier, 1 = unary, 2 = binary.
unsigned BinaryPrecedence = 30;
switch (CurTok) {
default:
return LogErrorP("Expected function name in prototype");
case tok_identifier:
FnName = IdentifierStr;
Kind = 0;
getNextToken();
break;
case tok_unary:
getNextToken();
if (!isascii(CurTok))
return LogErrorP("Expected unary operator");
FnName = "unary";
FnName += (char)CurTok;
Kind = 1;
getNextToken();
break;
case tok_binary:
getNextToken();
if (!isascii(CurTok))
return LogErrorP("Expected binary operator");
FnName = "binary";
FnName += (char)CurTok;
Kind = 2;
getNextToken();
// Read the precedence if present.
if (CurTok == tok_number) {
if (NumVal < 1 || NumVal > 100)
return LogErrorP("Invalid precedence: must be 1..100");
BinaryPrecedence = (unsigned)NumVal;
getNextToken();
}
break;
}
if (CurTok != '(')
return LogErrorP("Expected '(' in prototype");
std::vector<std::string> ArgNames;
while (getNextToken() == tok_identifier)
ArgNames.push_back(IdentifierStr);
if (CurTok != ')')
return LogErrorP("Expected ')' in prototype");
// success.
getNextToken(); // eat ')'.
// Verify right number of names for operator.
if (Kind && ArgNames.size() != Kind)
return LogErrorP("Invalid number of operands for operator");
return std::make_unique<PrototypeAST>(FnName, ArgNames, Kind != 0,
BinaryPrecedence);
}
/// definition ::= 'def' prototype expression
static std::unique_ptr<FunctionAST> ParseDefinition() {
getNextToken(); // eat def.
auto Proto = ParsePrototype();
if (!Proto)
return nullptr;
if (auto E = ParseExpression())
return std::make_unique<FunctionAST>(std::move(Proto), std::move(E));
return nullptr;
}
/// toplevelexpr ::= expression
static std::unique_ptr<FunctionAST> ParseTopLevelExpr() {
if (auto E = ParseExpression()) {
// Make an anonymous proto.
auto Proto = std::make_unique<PrototypeAST>("__anon_expr",
std::vector<std::string>());
return std::make_unique<FunctionAST>(std::move(Proto), std::move(E));
}
return nullptr;
}
/// external ::= 'extern' prototype
static std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST> ParseExtern() {
getNextToken(); // eat extern.
return ParsePrototype();
}
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Code Generation
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
static std::unique_ptr<LLVMContext> TheContext;
static std::unique_ptr<Module> TheModule;
static std::unique_ptr<IRBuilder<>> Builder;
static std::map<std::string, Value *> NamedValues;
static std::unique_ptr<KaleidoscopeJIT> TheJIT;
static std::unique_ptr<FunctionPassManager> TheFPM;
static std::unique_ptr<LoopAnalysisManager> TheLAM;
static std::unique_ptr<FunctionAnalysisManager> TheFAM;
static std::unique_ptr<CGSCCAnalysisManager> TheCGAM;
static std::unique_ptr<ModuleAnalysisManager> TheMAM;
static std::unique_ptr<PassInstrumentationCallbacks> ThePIC;
static std::unique_ptr<StandardInstrumentations> TheSI;
static std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<PrototypeAST>> FunctionProtos;
static ExitOnError ExitOnErr;
Value *LogErrorV(const char *Str) {
LogError(Str);
return nullptr;
}
Function *getFunction(std::string Name) {
// First, see if the function has already been added to the current module.
if (auto *F = TheModule->getFunction(Name))
return F;
// If not, check whether we can codegen the declaration from some existing
// prototype.
auto FI = FunctionProtos.find(Name);
if (FI != FunctionProtos.end())
return FI->second->codegen();
// If no existing prototype exists, return null.
return nullptr;
}
Value *NumberExprAST::codegen() {
return ConstantFP::get(*TheContext, APFloat(Val));
}
Value *VariableExprAST::codegen() {
// Look this variable up in the function.
Value *V = NamedValues[Name];
if (!V)
return LogErrorV("Unknown variable name");
return V;
}
Value *UnaryExprAST::codegen() {
Value *OperandV = Operand->codegen();
if (!OperandV)
return nullptr;
Function *F = getFunction(std::string("unary") + Opcode);
if (!F)
return LogErrorV("Unknown unary operator");
return Builder->CreateCall(F, OperandV, "unop");
}
Value *BinaryExprAST::codegen() {
Value *L = LHS->codegen();
Value *R = RHS->codegen();
if (!L || !R)
return nullptr;
switch (Op) {
case '+':
return Builder->CreateFAdd(L, R, "addtmp");
case '-':
return Builder->CreateFSub(L, R, "subtmp");
case '*':
return Builder->CreateFMul(L, R, "multmp");
case '<':
L = Builder->CreateFCmpULT(L, R, "cmptmp");
// Convert bool 0/1 to double 0.0 or 1.0
return Builder->CreateUIToFP(L, Type::getDoubleTy(*TheContext), "booltmp");
default:
break;
}
// If it wasn't a builtin binary operator, it must be a user defined one. Emit
// a call to it.
Function *F = getFunction(std::string("binary") + Op);
assert(F && "binary operator not found!");
Value *Ops[] = {L, R};
return Builder->CreateCall(F, Ops, "binop");
}
Value *CallExprAST::codegen() {
// Look up the name in the global module table.
Function *CalleeF = getFunction(Callee);
if (!CalleeF)
return LogErrorV("Unknown function referenced");
// If argument mismatch error.
if (CalleeF->arg_size() != Args.size())
return LogErrorV("Incorrect # arguments passed");
std::vector<Value *> ArgsV;
for (unsigned i = 0, e = Args.size(); i != e; ++i) {
ArgsV.push_back(Args[i]->codegen());
if (!ArgsV.back())
return nullptr;
}
return Builder->CreateCall(CalleeF, ArgsV, "calltmp");
}
Value *IfExprAST::codegen() {
Value *CondV = Cond->codegen();
if (!CondV)
return nullptr;
// Convert condition to a bool by comparing non-equal to 0.0.
CondV = Builder->CreateFCmpONE(
CondV, ConstantFP::get(*TheContext, APFloat(0.0)), "ifcond");
Function *TheFunction = Builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
// Create blocks for the then and else cases. Insert the 'then' block at the
// end of the function.
BasicBlock *ThenBB = BasicBlock::Create(*TheContext, "then", TheFunction);
BasicBlock *ElseBB = BasicBlock::Create(*TheContext, "else");
BasicBlock *MergeBB = BasicBlock::Create(*TheContext, "ifcont");
Builder->CreateCondBr(CondV, ThenBB, ElseBB);
// Emit then value.
Builder->SetInsertPoint(ThenBB);
Value *ThenV = Then->codegen();
if (!ThenV)
return nullptr;
Builder->CreateBr(MergeBB);
// Codegen of 'Then' can change the current block, update ThenBB for the PHI.
ThenBB = Builder->GetInsertBlock();
// Emit else block.
TheFunction->insert(TheFunction->end(), ElseBB);
Builder->SetInsertPoint(ElseBB);
Value *ElseV = Else->codegen();
if (!ElseV)
return nullptr;
Builder->CreateBr(MergeBB);
// Codegen of 'Else' can change the current block, update ElseBB for the PHI.
ElseBB = Builder->GetInsertBlock();
// Emit merge block.
TheFunction->insert(TheFunction->end(), MergeBB);
Builder->SetInsertPoint(MergeBB);
PHINode *PN = Builder->CreatePHI(Type::getDoubleTy(*TheContext), 2, "iftmp");
PN->addIncoming(ThenV, ThenBB);
PN->addIncoming(ElseV, ElseBB);
return PN;
}
// Output for-loop as:
// ...
// start = startexpr
// goto loop
// loop:
// variable = phi [start, loopheader], [nextvariable, loopend]
// ...
// bodyexpr
// ...
// loopend:
// step = stepexpr
// nextvariable = variable + step
// endcond = endexpr
// br endcond, loop, endloop
// outloop:
Value *ForExprAST::codegen() {
// Emit the start code first, without 'variable' in scope.
Value *StartVal = Start->codegen();
if (!StartVal)
return nullptr;
// Make the new basic block for the loop header, inserting after current
// block.
Function *TheFunction = Builder->GetInsertBlock()->getParent();
BasicBlock *PreheaderBB = Builder->GetInsertBlock();
BasicBlock *LoopBB = BasicBlock::Create(*TheContext, "loop", TheFunction);
// Insert an explicit fall through from the current block to the LoopBB.
Builder->CreateBr(LoopBB);
// Start insertion in LoopBB.
Builder->SetInsertPoint(LoopBB);
// Start the PHI node with an entry for Start.
PHINode *Variable =
Builder->CreatePHI(Type::getDoubleTy(*TheContext), 2, VarName);
Variable->addIncoming(StartVal, PreheaderBB);
// Within the loop, the variable is defined equal to the PHI node. If it
// shadows an existing variable, we have to restore it, so save it now.
Value *OldVal = NamedValues[VarName];
NamedValues[VarName] = Variable;
// Emit the body of the loop. This, like any other expr, can change the
// current BB. Note that we ignore the value computed by the body, but don't
// allow an error.
if (!Body->codegen())
return nullptr;
// Emit the step value.
Value *StepVal = nullptr;
if (Step) {
StepVal = Step->codegen();
if (!StepVal)
return nullptr;
} else {
// If not specified, use 1.0.
StepVal = ConstantFP::get(*TheContext, APFloat(1.0));
}
Value *NextVar = Builder->CreateFAdd(Variable, StepVal, "nextvar");
// Compute the end condition.
Value *EndCond = End->codegen();
if (!EndCond)
return nullptr;
// Convert condition to a bool by comparing non-equal to 0.0.
EndCond = Builder->CreateFCmpONE(
EndCond, ConstantFP::get(*TheContext, APFloat(0.0)), "loopcond");
// Create the "after loop" block and insert it.
BasicBlock *LoopEndBB = Builder->GetInsertBlock();
BasicBlock *AfterBB =
BasicBlock::Create(*TheContext, "afterloop", TheFunction);
// Insert the conditional branch into the end of LoopEndBB.
Builder->CreateCondBr(EndCond, LoopBB, AfterBB);
// Any new code will be inserted in AfterBB.
Builder->SetInsertPoint(AfterBB);
// Add a new entry to the PHI node for the backedge.
Variable->addIncoming(NextVar, LoopEndBB);
// Restore the unshadowed variable.
if (OldVal)
NamedValues[VarName] = OldVal;
else
NamedValues.erase(VarName);
// for expr always returns 0.0.
return Constant::getNullValue(Type::getDoubleTy(*TheContext));
}
Function *PrototypeAST::codegen() {
// Make the function type: double(double,double) etc.
std::vector<Type *> Doubles(Args.size(), Type::getDoubleTy(*TheContext));
FunctionType *FT =
FunctionType::get(Type::getDoubleTy(*TheContext), Doubles, false);
Function *F =
Function::Create(FT, Function::ExternalLinkage, Name, TheModule.get());
// Set names for all arguments.
unsigned Idx = 0;
for (auto &Arg : F->args())
Arg.setName(Args[Idx++]);
return F;
}
Function *FunctionAST::codegen() {
// Transfer ownership of the prototype to the FunctionProtos map, but keep a
// reference to it for use below.
auto &P = *Proto;
FunctionProtos[Proto->getName()] = std::move(Proto);
Function *TheFunction = getFunction(P.getName());
if (!TheFunction)
return nullptr;
// If this is an operator, install it.
if (P.isBinaryOp())
BinopPrecedence[P.getOperatorName()] = P.getBinaryPrecedence();
// Create a new basic block to start insertion into.
BasicBlock *BB = BasicBlock::Create(*TheContext, "entry", TheFunction);
Builder->SetInsertPoint(BB);
// Record the function arguments in the NamedValues map.
NamedValues.clear();
for (auto &Arg : TheFunction->args())
NamedValues[std::string(Arg.getName())] = &Arg;
if (Value *RetVal = Body->codegen()) {
// Finish off the function.
Builder->CreateRet(RetVal);
// Validate the generated code, checking for consistency.
verifyFunction(*TheFunction);
// Run the optimizer on the function.
TheFPM->run(*TheFunction, *TheFAM);
return TheFunction;
}
// Error reading body, remove function.
TheFunction->eraseFromParent();
if (P.isBinaryOp())
BinopPrecedence.erase(P.getOperatorName());
return nullptr;
}
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Top-Level parsing and JIT Driver
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
static void InitializeModuleAndManagers() {
// Open a new context and module.
TheContext = std::make_unique<LLVMContext>();
TheModule = std::make_unique<Module>("KaleidoscopeJIT", *TheContext);
TheModule->setDataLayout(TheJIT->getDataLayout());
// Create a new builder for the module.
Builder = std::make_unique<IRBuilder<>>(*TheContext);
// Create new pass and analysis managers.
TheFPM = std::make_unique<FunctionPassManager>();
TheLAM = std::make_unique<LoopAnalysisManager>();
TheFAM = std::make_unique<FunctionAnalysisManager>();
TheCGAM = std::make_unique<CGSCCAnalysisManager>();
TheMAM = std::make_unique<ModuleAnalysisManager>();
ThePIC = std::make_unique<PassInstrumentationCallbacks>();
TheSI = std::make_unique<StandardInstrumentations>(*TheContext,
/*DebugLogging*/ true);
TheSI->registerCallbacks(*ThePIC, TheMAM.get());
// Add transform passes.
// Do simple "peephole" optimizations and bit-twiddling optzns.
TheFPM->addPass(InstCombinePass());
// Reassociate expressions.
TheFPM->addPass(ReassociatePass());
// Eliminate Common SubExpressions.
TheFPM->addPass(GVNPass());
// Simplify the control flow graph (deleting unreachable blocks, etc).
TheFPM->addPass(SimplifyCFGPass());
// Register analysis passes used in these transform passes.
PassBuilder PB;
PB.registerModuleAnalyses(*TheMAM);
PB.registerFunctionAnalyses(*TheFAM);
PB.crossRegisterProxies(*TheLAM, *TheFAM, *TheCGAM, *TheMAM);
}
static void HandleDefinition() {
if (auto FnAST = ParseDefinition()) {
if (auto *FnIR = FnAST->codegen()) {
fprintf(stderr, "Read function definition:");
FnIR->print(errs());
fprintf(stderr, "\n");
ExitOnErr(TheJIT->addModule(
ThreadSafeModule(std::move(TheModule), std::move(TheContext))));
InitializeModuleAndManagers();
}
} else {
// Skip token for error recovery.
getNextToken();
}
}
static void HandleExtern() {
if (auto ProtoAST = ParseExtern()) {
if (auto *FnIR = ProtoAST->codegen()) {
fprintf(stderr, "Read extern: ");
FnIR->print(errs());
fprintf(stderr, "\n");
FunctionProtos[ProtoAST->getName()] = std::move(ProtoAST);
}
} else {
// Skip token for error recovery.
getNextToken();
}
}
static void HandleTopLevelExpression() {
// Evaluate a top-level expression into an anonymous function.
if (auto FnAST = ParseTopLevelExpr()) {
if (FnAST->codegen()) {
// Create a ResourceTracker to track JIT'd memory allocated to our
// anonymous expression -- that way we can free it after executing.
auto RT = TheJIT->getMainJITDylib().createResourceTracker();
auto TSM = ThreadSafeModule(std::move(TheModule), std::move(TheContext));
ExitOnErr(TheJIT->addModule(std::move(TSM), RT));
InitializeModuleAndManagers();
// Search the JIT for the __anon_expr symbol.
auto ExprSymbol = ExitOnErr(TheJIT->lookup("__anon_expr"));
// Get the symbol's address and cast it to the right type (takes no
// arguments, returns a double) so we can call it as a native function.
double (*FP)() = ExprSymbol.getAddress().toPtr<double (*)()>();
fprintf(stderr, "Evaluated to %f\n", FP());
// Delete the anonymous expression module from the JIT.
ExitOnErr(RT->remove());
}
} else {
// Skip token for error recovery.
getNextToken();
}
}
/// top ::= definition | external | expression | ';'
static void MainLoop() {
while (true) {
fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
switch (CurTok) {
case tok_eof:
return;
case ';': // ignore top-level semicolons.
getNextToken();
break;
case tok_def:
HandleDefinition();
break;
case tok_extern:
HandleExtern();
break;
default:
HandleTopLevelExpression();
break;
}
}
}
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// "Library" functions that can be "extern'd" from user code.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#ifdef _WIN32
#define DLLEXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
#else
#define DLLEXPORT
#endif
/// putchard - putchar that takes a double and returns 0.
extern "C" DLLEXPORT double putchard(double X) {
fputc((char)X, stderr);
return 0;
}
/// printd - printf that takes a double prints it as "%f\n", returning 0.
extern "C" DLLEXPORT double printd(double X) {
fprintf(stderr, "%f\n", X);
return 0;
}
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Main driver code.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
int main() {
InitializeNativeTarget();
InitializeNativeTargetAsmPrinter();
InitializeNativeTargetAsmParser();
// Install standard binary operators.
// 1 is lowest precedence.
BinopPrecedence['<'] = 10;
BinopPrecedence['+'] = 20;
BinopPrecedence['-'] = 20;
BinopPrecedence['*'] = 40; // highest.
// Prime the first token.
fprintf(stderr, "ready> ");
getNextToken();
TheJIT = ExitOnErr(KaleidoscopeJIT::Create());
InitializeModuleAndManagers();
// Run the main "interpreter loop" now.
MainLoop();
return 0;
}